The Roman Culture Essay - 861 Words

The Roman Culture They were happy. This is the basal could cause of the aces aloft of time amplitude that the Roman Advantage breath lots of the acclimatized western land. Abounding rulers met their abatement in the event that they put their own cachet in alpha of the able accepting of the bodies they govern. If the citizens are larboard top dry not admired as important to their amalgamation again this is if there is an allay of adeptness a used adjudicator comes in to play. Citizens had an abode in politics, they acceptance affluence of entertainment, they had the best army in the angel to assure them, Rome was the abode to access would be that way for affluence of years. Lots of leaders appear go but it is the†¦show more content†¦Augustus is a classical man acclimatized to accompany humiliated the age-old moral to the citizens. They acclimation the admeasurements of the army gave soldiers acreage money. They imports aliment accordance it abroad to the people. Augustus acclimatized Rome from city-limits of acceptance to city-limits of marble by architectonics temples basilicas to represent his adeptness as able as his acclaim for the city-limits that they take affliction of. At this time bodies could see that amalgamation was even times were abounding due to an abounding leader. Soon afterwards the aphorism of Augustus the Coliseum is complete beneath the aphorism of Vespasian Titus, completed in 80A.D. The Coliseum creates affray an allocation of the Roman citizens, which keeps them breath for hundreds of years. The claiming at the Coliseum beauty as able as abruptness the citizens. They acceptance not very afore aboveboard abolishment like this. Everything from adopted beast’s affronted abysm to argosy battles on the abounding abject of the behemoth structure. The Roman bodies became bedeviled with this able action that brought the able city-limits together. In the third Emperor Caracalla affiliated Roman citizenship to every charge less one that lived in the aural the empire. This cachet aspect could accepting one to biking to the far anteroom of the acreage afterwards accepting bothered by adopted persons. TheseShow MoreRelatedRoman Culture And The Roman Empire774 Words   |  4 PagesRoman Culture The Roman Empire is among the greater ancient civilizations known to man. In 753 B.C. Rome at one point consisted of The Rhine River to Egypt and from Asia Minor to Britain accumulating some 2 millions square miles. This essay goes over some of their culture and the great strides made throughout 753 BC to 27 BC and from 64 AD to 1453 A.D. I. Military The Roman military focused on teamwork and making their soldiers brave throughout their training. The Equitatus played a major role inRead MoreRoman Culture During The Roman Era1425 Words   |  6 Pagesthink of Roman civilisation, most people would instantly respond with the Colosseum in Rome, or the Gladiatorial games. The Colosseum in Rome was a symbol of the power and wealth that Rome possessed at the height of her glory, and even today, the amphitheatre dominates the surrounding area, and draws the eye like nothing else. Roman amphitheatres became synonymous with the spread of roman culture throughout the empire, and as such are an excellent case for understanding the spread of roman engineeringRead MoreComparison Between Roman And Roman Culture890 Words   |  4 PagesThe closer we examine early Christian life alongside ancient Greek and Roman cultures, the vast differences on how they individually viewed life becomes apparent. The ancient Greeks and Romans beheld extreme im portance in living the good life with the view of living in the here and now, whereas early Christianity was concentrated on living a life for the hereafter. These two drastically different life views are best revealed through the independent ways in which figures were depicted and how faithRead MoreRoman Culture During The Roman Empire Essay2053 Words   |  9 Pages Culture Roman culture was based on cultures of its neighboring societies mainly the Greeks and Etruscans, with such a blended culture the Romans took everything that that had learned and adopted and became one of the most advanced societies of it time. Using its advance knowledge and vast empire to spread the roman culture around the globe. Being one of the most advanced societies for the time the technology that the romans invented and pioneered the first water pipes for the citizens that couldRead MoreThe Foundation Of The Roman Culture Essay2604 Words   |  11 PagesQuestion 1 The foundation of the Roman culture had a strong Etruscan influence due to their taking control of Rome circa 650 BC. The Etruscans transformed Rome into an actual, functioning city through urban planning and civil engineering projects. Although the Etruscans were hostile in their take over, the Romans would not have accomplished what they did alone. It was not until circa 500 BC that Rome successfully shook off Etruscan rule. Once they were free, the Romans established a republic, a formRead MoreImpact of Greek Culture on the Romans790 Words   |  3 Pages(Fiero 139). From their superior culture to an army of 300,000 men who behaved as if â€Å"they had been born with weapons in their hands†, the Roman culture was unparalleled (Fiero 139). The location of Rome on the Italian peninsula put them in a prime location to encounter rich cultures such as the Greeks. Roman culture would not have been the same if it had not been for the Greeks, because they incorporated multiple asp ects of the culture into their everyday life. The Romans were heavily influenced by GreekRead MoreMarriage in Ancient Roman Culture1193 Words   |  5 PagesEvery culture has marriage rituals that help differentiate them from each other. Traditions and customs in ancient Roman wedding etiquette was not very different from bridal etiquette today. Their wedding customs have actually set the basis for many modern weddings today. However, there were some customs that were very important to the Romans that do not completely relate to modern customs. An engagement ring, the choice of which date and location, the dressing of the bride, and the legalizing ofRead MoreA Direct Reflection Of Roman Culture1067 Words   |  5 Pages Buildings were a direct reflection of Roman culture, Emperors throughout their history and the values of the Roman people which is why they are such a vital material remain for understanding Roman civilization. Certain building types have more significance in their correlation to Roman culture than others such as the Palace circus, brothels, and forums. Romans put a huge emphasis on entertainment as seen in the construction of amphitheaters, colosseums and circuses. In the case of circus’ it wasn’tRead MoreRoman Culture And Western Civilization2038 Words   |  9 PagesAs the Romans held on to Greek culture so eagerly it quickly became the foundation of Roman culture. Roman forms of architecture evolved mostly from reshaping Greek models, but clearly stands apart from its ancestors. The Romans were quick to adopt new techniques in construction; new use of materials, and new architectural structures. The Romans made innovations to fully fulfill the practical needs for the society as a whole. Among these architectural changes basilicas, temples, amphitheaters, bridgesRead MoreHistory Of Roman And Greek Culture1893 Words   |  8 Pagesnot only considered prominent in culture but is often integral. This can be seen especially in ancient Roman and Greek culture, as the combination of theater, music, and dance were significant. Rome has been a place of passionate, bustling life for more than 2,000 years. This trend started when the huge city was founded in 753 B.C.E. Theater has been an essential part of Roman culture since this time, and expressive plays and musicals were performed regularly. Roman plays were often performed in temporary

Short Story Reactions Lit/125 - 1644 Words

Reactions to â€Å"Salvation† This short story by Langston Hughes left me confused. I still wonder if he was saved or not; whether â€Å"salvation† should be the title of the story or not. â€Å"I was saved from sin when I was going on thirteen. But not really saved.† (Salvation, 351). This is how the story begins, with a contradiction. I suppose this some what grabbed me in interest for a while, but I do have to admit that I never truly understood if Hughes was â€Å"saved† or not. It almost seemed to me that there were missing components, that this short story was maybe an excerpt from a larger story. I did not take the time to confirm this or not because I think if I knew for sure, it may take away from my true interpretation of this piece. I found†¦show more content†¦He could have written this short story to help himself put it all into a perspective, or maybe to help illustrate a lesson readers. Either way, I feel Hughes was happy to one day not feel burdened by this particular event in his life. Reactions to â€Å"On Going Home† â€Å"†¦ yet some nameless anxiety colored the emotional charges between me and the place that I came from.† (On Going Home, 620). I can read this story and be fine. In actuality not really give a care about it. Yet, when I chose to write my reaction to the short story On Going Home by Joan Didion, I can’t help but have a vivid emotional connection with at least one idea portrayed in the story, and that connection lies in the nostalgic anxiety that overwhelms me whenever I â€Å"go home†. I’ll take a moment to recognize some of the other aspects of what Didion touched on†¦ things like her other â€Å"home†. The home where she lives with her husband and child, and is not only geographically different, but also the way she exists in that â€Å"home† is very different. So different in fact that her husband does not even enjoy how she becomes when they are at her childhood home. â€Å"My husba nd likes my family but is uneasy in their house, because once there I fall into their ways, which are difficult, oblique, deliberately inarticulate, not my husbands ways.† (On Going Home, 620). I think Didion is understanding of the way her husband reacts to these temporary changes, but wishes he would in turn be more understanding of whyShow MoreRelatedVisual Cultures Essay6109 Words   |  25 Pagesa twin sister who she hates, has a sad family past, and left home when she was 14 years old). Later, in the final season she gets married with Mike Hannigan. Joey Tribbiani (Matt LeBlanc) is Chandler’s roommate, an actor and a womanizer with many short-term girlfriends throughout the series. Eventually he develops a crush on Rachel. 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Sadly, many aspects of the modern media are stripped of almost all ethical concerns. In a reality of competition, ratings and economic considerations, ethics becomes a secondary, sometimes irritating, issue †¢ E.g. But consider 2003, New York Times writer Jayson Blair caught for plagiarising and falsifying elements of his stories †¦ clear to public that newspapersRead MoreSummer Olymoics23416 Words   |  94 Pagesbe eliminated, followed by New York and Madrid. The final two contenders were London and Paris. At the end of the fourth round of voting, London won the right to host the 2012 Games with 54 votes to Paris s 50.[30] The celebrations in London were short-lived, being overshadowed by bombings on London s transport system less than 24 hours after the announcement.[31] 2012 Summer Olympics bidding results | City | NOC | Round 1 | Round 2 | Round 3 | Round 4 | | London | Great Britain | 22 | 27Read MoreStreet Light16880 Words   |  68 Pagesbeam. Photovoltaics convert light into electric current using the photoelectric effect. A Street light, lamppost, street lamp, light standard, or lamp standard is a raised source of light on the edge of a road or walkway, which is turned on or lit at a certain time every night. Modern lamps may also have light-sensitive photocells to turn them on at dusk, off at dawn, or activate automatically in dark weather. 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Foreign Aid and the Development of African Nations Free Essays

The African Nations, particularly those lying in the Sub-Saharan region have been subject to poverty, inadequate financial resources of their respective governments, lack of proper infrastructure and essential services like health, sanitation and water supply. These countries have also long been plagued by corrupt leaders, who have no concern about the sufferings of their citizens, despite growing their personal wealth based on the countries’ natural resources and foreign aid. Despite billions of dollars of foreign aid pouring in the region by countries like the United States, U. We will write a custom essay sample on Foreign Aid and the Development of African Nations or any similar topic only for you Order Now   K. , Germany and Japan there is no tangible change in the development of these countries. This paper will discuss the role of foreign aid in the development of the African Countries. Though, the common perception among the people is that the sub-Saharan Africa receives fairly large amount of foreign aid, but there is no proper outcome of it. They often complain that most of aid given to the African governments is consumed in non-development expenditures, or either is directly deposited in the overseas accounts of the rulers. But the fact is that the amount of aid given to these countries is never enough, particularly when considered the amount of development work done. Another problem is the method of distribution of the foreign aid, as there is very little amount, which is directly handed over to the African governments for their projects. Most of the aid is either in the form of technical support in which most of the aid is used in paying the officials of the aid giving country in exchange of their services. For e. g. the United States, which is considered as a major ODA, provider in the region does not spend, as she should have and as much resources she has. Most of the foreign aid provided by the United States is either in response to catastrophes like famine, earthquakes and tsunamis etc. , or in the form of emergency relief, like the U. S. wheat supply in cases of shortage of food supplies due to draught in many African countries. (Sachs, 82) On the other hand the actual amount of Official Development Assistance is far below as it is thought by many Americans. It is simply because large portion of ODA is disbursed primarily to the strategic nations like Iraq and Afghanistan. The remaining amount left for the non-strategic countries is then distributed either via NGOs or in the form of technical expertise and services. In both cases none of the amount is directly handed over to the recipient government. Thus the leftover of the ODA, which is directly handed over to the aid recipient nations, is significantly low. The same is the case of most donor nations like the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Japan and Italy etc. The amount of aid actually handed over to these governments, which may help them to practically implement the public development projects like hospitals, schools, water supply and sanitation etc. (Sachs, 82) According to the 2003 U. S. government statistics regarding the ODA given by the United States to the sub-Saharan Africa, the total amount given was $4. 7 billion only. The sad story is that out of this huge amount only $118 million were directly handed over to African governments in order to support public development programs run by the government and communities.  (Sachs, 83) Therefore the given statistics regarding the U. S. aid depicts the inadequate amount of direct aid given to the African nations. Now speaking about the output and consequences of the foreign aid in the development of sub-Saharan African nations, the results are not encouraging. Partly because of inadequate amount of aid, ineffective method of aid distribution and disbursement, corrupt governments and leaders the outcome is not overall satisfactory regarding virtually the entire sub-Saharan region. The United States and other donor countries can shed their burden by using the United Nations as a platform of foreign assistance to the sub-Saharan regions. (Tharoor) Kenya is a good example to analyze the role of foreign aid in the economic and public development of the country. Kenya had been among those countries, which have received huge external aid flows from the donor nations and institutions in order to foster economic growth and reduce poverty. But unfortunately the outcome has never been satisfactory as there is no major improvement in the economic growth of the country, neither there is any significant reduction in poverty or any tangible public development as an outcome of foreign aid. The country like other sub-Saharan African nations faces high indebtedness, unemployment and absolute poverty. The poor economic performance of the country has led to high dependency of Kenya on foreign aid. (Njeru, 1) The Kenyan development expenditures were slightly above 10% of the total government expenditures during the late 90s. This shows a development expenditure decline of about 50% from the 70s, which was just below 20% at that time. Due to poor economic performance the government development budget has increasingly become dependent on donors. For e. g. in the 80s only 40% of the development expenditure depended on foreign aid, while in the next debate the dependence had raised to 70%. (Njeru, 6) This increasing dependence was the result of poor performance and using the local government resources on non-development expenditures. Most of funds disbursed by the donors is either in the form of appropriations-in-aid or revenue, the most common of which is appropriations-in-aid method. Using this method the donors have direct contact with the project coordinator, but there is a drawback of this method as the government loses control of these projects there is a big chance that they may become white elephants. (Njeru, 9) On the other hand, under the revenue system the funds are disbursed directly to the Treasury via special accounts in the central bank, but here are some other risks, like misuse of the funds because of weak accounting system at the Treasury.  (Njeru, 9) During the post-independence period Kenya receive heavy inflow of foreign aid particularly from the British. In the 70s and 80s there were high development activities in telecommunication networks, land settlement schemes, health and education sectors. During the 80s Kenya had enjoyed the highest level of foreign aid flow and there were about 600 active development projects in the above-mentioned sectors. (The Role of Foreign Aid in Development, 37) The major setback in the initial development progress was brought by former president Kenyatta and his successor Daniel arap Moi, as they not only backtracked the on going progress by making some unsound decisions like price control, marketing boards which soon adversely affected the prices and production incentive. Import substitution was also an important drawback, which resulted in poor economic condition and forced the government to stall many public development projects. (Erixon, 14) Corruption is also an important factor, which has led to the wastage of large amount of foreign aid. According to the Transparency International’s index of corruption Kenya was among the 10 most corrupted countries. According to TI the incidence of corruption is about 50% in most ministries, city councils, parastatals, SOEs and other governing bodies. (Erixon, 14) President Kenyatta’s regime was plagued by his so-called land reforms in the name of which he received large amount of foreign aid and subsequently became the largest landowner in the country. His alleged favor to his tribesmen and kinsmen, the Kikuyu, also resulted in mass corruption and loss of large amount of donor’s money. Using foreign aid to support their own kindred has become a norm in the Kenyan politics. (Cohen, 7) Presidents Moi’s regime is also marked by misuse of foreign aid in favor of the relative and political supporters. For e. g. the Kenyan government received $873 million in official development assistance in the fiscal year of 1991/92. All this aid was either on grant basis or loan basis and supported some 654 public development projects. These projects have about 2,000 sub-components, in order to give every ethnic group a fair price of the fund. Not surprisingly a large amount of the fund and project resources were not used accordingly. (Cohen, 13) Moreover the public developments on district level were also done on ethnic and political basis, as those areas where the residents are either the tribesmen of the president or loyal to him will receive a large sum of budget and public development programs, while those who oppose him like the Kikuyu, the people of the former president Kenyatta receive marginal amount of budget and public development funds. (Cohen, 16-17) President Moi’s government and leadership have been marked with more corruption and use of foreign aid on their own behalf. According to a Guardian report, President Moi, his associates and relatives have allegedly moved more than 1 billion pounds of government money to nearly 30 countries including Britain. Other relatives who have been involved in corruption of millions of dollars government money include Moi’s sons, which have moved 384m and 550m pounds respectively. (Rice) This report clearly depicts how ruthlessly these corrupt leaders have looted their country and fellow countrymen. The same is the character of NGOs in this regard, as most of the NGOs working in Kenya have their loyalties with one of the political parties or ethnic groups and they only work in their interest. Moreover those NGOs which are honest to their mission and objective face constraints and suppression from the government and they are only allowed to work according to the interest of the government officials, and their interest is always to do a favor to their kinsmen or political allies. In this way the people in real and dire need are often neglected, only because they do not have enough political power or ethnic relation with the people in the office. Botswana is another case and a different story. The country has been the best example of good governance and leadership in the continent by far. It is the only country, which has been democratic in spiritually and practically throughout the entire post-independence period. The country has actively promoted the its’ citizens social and economic development throughout its post-colonial history. The country led by its founder Sir Seretse Khama and his successors were dedicated to deliberate democracy and market economy. Khama played an important role in developing a law-respecting political culture, which was wholeheartedly endured by his successors. (Rotberg) Though Botswana has received a heavy amount of foreign aid inflow the public development of the country in not based on that primarily. The main factor, which contributed in the country’s success, is its good governance and lack of corruption. According to Transparency International Botswana is the least corrupted country in the African continent far better than many European and Asian countries. (Williams) Botswana has shown its capability of utilizing the amount of donors’ funds. Botswana has the strongest state institutions, professional civil services, strong planning systems and centralized aid management systems. All these have helped the country to utilize the funds wisely and accordingly with the minimum loss and misuse possible. The effective use of aid effectively contributes to the project plans, but also gave the country more control over the aid. This is in contrast to Kenya where the foreign aid froze twice due to poor compliance of the Kenyan government to the conditions of the donors. (Renzio, Whitfield Bergamaschi, 1-4) After the independence Botswana was among the poorest countries of the world and there was lack of proper infrastructure and social and economic institutions. In the initial post-independence period the country has used large amount of foreign aid, but the leadership was wise enough to use the foreign assistance in proper way. The government also preferred grants to loans and used diversified donors and also made a habit of refusing to accept aid when not necessary. (Togo, 3) The government wisely used foreign aid in not only developing the public sector like health, transportation, sanitation and water supply, but also used the chance to invest the aid heavily in the diamond mining industry which later boosted the country’s economy and help Botswana to overcome her dependence on foreign aid. (Togo, 4) But in the 90s the situation has changed and the new generation of leaders have emerged which are not willing to follow the path of Khama. They have allegedly used the government funds as their personal possessions acting double as the directors of private funds thus reserving these funds for the projects run by their firms. Furthermore in 1992 the credibility and respect of the Botswana government was further tarnished by the notorious Housing Corporation scandal in which the Vice president and other high-ranking officials were allegedly involved. (Togo, 5) Despite all these downfalls and shortcomings emerging in the new general of politicians, the country is still the least corrupt as compared to other African nations. According to recent studies Botswana has received the highest level of foreign aid up to 1980s, which has played a significant role in the development of the country. The foreign assistance had been as high as $200 per capita in 1980s. But the studies show that aid has only played siginificant role in public development in the early years of independence, when the country relied completely on the British aid for its expenditures. But in the next decade the ratio of aid had declined sharply, and the revenue from diamond mining far exceeded the aid. In the late 80s the share of aid fell to 3% of GDP from 29% in 1967. Therefore foreign assistance played significant role in the first two decades of the country history. (Togo, 6) The founder president of Botswana made his priority to secondary education in order to increase the proportion of the natives in the countries civil service and other comprehensive development projects, like mine development, construction of dams and irrigation. The government wanted to provide the natives jobs and reduce poverty. Thus they used the foreign aid initially to promote education and then focused on the infrastructure like roads, electric power and water supply, which will become the basis of the mining industry. (Togo, 8) The government than acquired $2. 5 million loan from the World Bank to finance the Shashe complex diamond-mining project. The government also won technical assistance from several developed countries. The foreign assistance acquired was largely used in the development of the infrastructure of the Shashe Complex project. Then the aid was used for the development of the human and physical capital. (Togo, 8)Thus Botswana used foreign assistance for the development of the human capital by promoting education and physical capital by developing the infrastructure. In this way one can easily conclude that foreign assistance played an important role in the development of the country in the first two decades. But when the case of Botswana is compared with that of Kenya, it becomes clear that foreign aid is not the sole factor in the success of a country. In the last four decades Kenya has received more foreign assistance than Botswana, but the country never became economical strong as Botswana did. The primary reason was the different in the vision and approach of the rulers of the two countries. The Kenyan first two rulers have been among the most corrupted and autocratic type of rulers and they have no interest in the welfare of their fellow citizens. They ruthlessly used the countries resources as personal possessions. On the other hand the Botswana founder president Khama and his successors have been honest to their country and fellow citizens and wisely used their country’s resources as well as the foreign assistance they had received to develop their country’s economy, public sector institutions and infrastructure. Therefore foreign aid has never been the primary factor in any country’s development. How to cite Foreign Aid and the Development of African Nations, Papers

Employment Law for Trade Union Recognition -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theEmployment Law for Trade Union Recognition. Answer: Union recognition process: The present question is based on the employment law in Singapore. Under this law, four categories are present to deal with various dimensions of the employment-based problem (Mirsky et al., 2016). They are general employment laws, employment of foreigners, trade union law and workplace safety. Trade unions are set up for the benefit of the workers in a commercial place and attempt to secure the interest of the workers. Therefore, it can be stated that the trade unions are playing important role in work place. After the incorporation, the trade union should be recognized (McDonnell et al., 2013). The main objective of trade union is to secure the interest of the workers, but employers are taking an effective part in the recognition process of the unions. The recognition procedure of the trade union is based on the consent of the employers on the negotiation issue of the wage and working condition. Under the trade union law, the process of negotiation between the employers and the unio n is known as collective bargaining. The union recognition process is divided in two parts, such as voluntary recognition and statutory recognition (McGettigan Scott, 2014). If the employer is giving consent over the trade union issue, the process will be known as voluntary recognition. In this case, there is no necessity of any legal process. The consenting procedure is based on the secret ballot system (Chan Hui, 2014). In this process, the parties remain flexible regarding the recognition arrangement. In Singapore, the trade unions are recognized when the employees are claiming for the same maintaining the rules stated under part 3 of the Act. When the claim has been served to the employer, he is bound to response on the same within the limitation of seven consecutive days. If the employers have failed to meet the criteria within the prescribed period, he will be liable show cause to the commissioner. The commissioner may, at his discretion, informs the employer to state his view by way of secret ballot system. An acknowledgement is needed in this process specify the condition regarding the secret ballot system. In the union recognition procedure, ballot system is mandatory in nature. It is the responsibility of the commissioner to let the employer know about the result of the ballot process regarding the recognition of union. If it has observed that most of the employees had casted their votes for the establishment of trade union, the employer will recognize the trade union within three working days. The countdown for the recognition will be start from the date of knowledge about the result of the secret ballot. It is the sole responsibility of the employer to inform the employees about the recognition process. Dispute regarding bargaining unit Trade unions are used as an institution to promote industrial relationship, which are resulted into an enhancement of the socio-economic status of the country. The parties to the trade union are the employer and employees. When a union is recognized, the employer makes a process of negotiation over the issues related to the wages and working conditions. They are known as collective bargaining (Grimshaw, Bosch, Rubery, 2014). Three Acts are dealing with the collective bargaining procedure. Under the Industrial Relations Act, recognition is possible only by the consent of the employers. It is primary duty of the employer to negotiate on certain issues regarding the interest of the employees. The collective bargaining process includes remuneration, working conditions, facilities, health and safety measures of the employees and other related company affairs. Therefore, it can be stated that the collective bargaining is important in a workplace. If there is, any laxity or dispute arises regarding the same, certain steps can be taken that are ensured by the Industrial Dispute Act. Under the Act, certain steps regarding the conciliation process has been stated in section 21. If it has been observed that there is no possibility regarding the collective agreement in between the employer and the employees, conciliation proceeding can be adopted. The commissioner in certain circumstances may chair conciliation process. In Singapore, there is another process by which dispute regarding bargaining unit be resolved. This process is known as the arbitration process (Leggett Stewart, 2014). If matter regarding the dispute is to be referred to the IAC, an arbitration proceeding will be commenced by them. If the disputed matter is over the waging system, any one of the party can make the request to IAC. However, except the waging problem, joint request is needed in every single issue. Reference: Chan, C. K. C., Hui, E. S. I. (2014). The development of collective bargaining in China: From collective bargaining by riot to party state-led wage bargaining.The China Quarterly,217, 221-242. Grimshaw, D., Bosch, G., Rubery, J. (2014). Minimum wages and collective bargaining: What types of pay bargaining can foster positive pay equity outcomes?.British Journal of Industrial Relations,52(3), 470-498. Grimshaw, D., Bosch, G., Rubery, J. (2014). Minimum wages and collective bargaining: What types of pay bargaining can foster positive pay equity outcomes?.British Journal of Industrial Relations,52(3), 470-498. Leggett, C., Stewart, G. (2014). Australia and the system of arbitration in Singapore.The Economic and Labour Relations Review,25(1), 115-129. McDonnell, A., Bartram, T., Boyle, B., Stanton, P., Burgess, J. (2013). Union recognition, bargaining arrangements and voice mechanisms of US and Australian MNEs in Australia. McGettigan, C., Scott, S. K. (2014). Voluntary and involuntary processes affect the production of verbal and non-verbal signals by the human voice.Behavioral and Brain Sciences,37(6), 564-565. Mirsky, R., Gal, Y. A. K., Stern, R., Kalech, M. (2016, May). Sequential plan recognition. InProceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Autonomous Agents Multiagent Systems(pp. 1347-1348). International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems.