Journalism and Communication - Plagiarism Essay

News coverage and Communication - Plagiarism - Essay Example As a general rule understudies just reword the current works of different creators in an offer to avoid written falsification without appropriate reference of the first wellsprings of data. It is basic to recognize and refer to the first sources that were utilized to get to the underlying data if understudies need to abstain from stealing. By and large terms, literary theft involves the replication of someone’s thoughts without giving credit, taking of thoughts, inability to put quotes and appropriate reference to a cited expression, arrangement of wrong data in regards to the wellsprings of the cited data just as change of the wordings in a sentence structure without offering credit to the first creator (Alfrey, 2012). Why Students Plagiarize Students counterfeit their work because of different clashing reasons. A few understudies copy their work purposefully while others counterfeit inadvertently. A portion of the regular purposes behind copyright infringement are: startling cutoff time in class work, overpowering assignments, the disarray in examination and written falsification limits, and absence of unequivocal thoughts and preparing on the best way to evade unoriginality (Purdue University, 2007) Intentional v. Inadvertent Plagiarism From the available realities, plainly, a few understudies and researchers copy their work intentionally. ... In addition, a few understudies experience issues in the understanding and investigation of the accessible online information. This classification of understudies duplicate glue complex data from the web without legitimate blend of thoughts or focusing on the creators. A few understudies additionally accept that, the nature of their unique work is low looked at what is accessible in the web. This prompts direct duplicating and consequently copyright infringement. Most contemporary researchers do not have the best method of building up their own thoughts and style, constraining them to coordinate use of the current composed data. The weight from the teachers, peers, families’ course, work prerequisites and grant confirmation are and inability to comply with severe time constraints are recognized as the fundamental factors that spur understudies to participate in purposeful literary theft. Interior and outer weights depict training as the main stepping stool to progress as oppos ed to for a self valuation process. Because of this, understudies will in general set out on the final product of instruction as opposed to on esteeming the aptitudes and skills in preparing and training. Numerous understudies neglect to comprehend the noteworthiness of the gained exploration and composing aptitudes in their future vocation improvement. Purposeful written falsification is required by peer impact. Poor task arranging combined with poor time the executives aptitudes are likewise basic essentials for deliberate written falsification among understudies, particularly since numerous understudies are in every case less mindful of the time required in finishing an exploration paper. Innocent understudies are some of the time constrained to utilize the other scholars’ work without due power. By and large, these errors happen subsequently

Anatomy Of The Periodontium Sciences Essays

Life structures Of The Periodontium Sciences Essays Life structures Of The Periodontium Sciences Essay Life structures Of The Periodontium Sciences Essay The periodontium is characterized as the tissues puting and back uping the dentition ( Hassell, 1993 ) . It is made out of the undermentioned tissues: alveolar bone, root cementum, periodontic tendon and gum ( Lindhe et al. , 2008, Hassell, 1993 ) . The central guide of the periodontium is to connect the tooth deep down of the jaws for equivalent guide and to keep the solidarity of the outside of the masticatory mucous layer of the unwritten pit ( Lindhe et al. , 2008 ) . It experiences modifications with age, and is exposed to morphologic adjustments corresponding to utilitarian changes and changes in the unwritten condition ( Lindhe et al. , 2008 ) . The solid gum ordinarily covers the alveolar bone and root to a degree just coronal to the cementoenamel intersection ( Fig. 1 ) . The gum is grouped into the free fringy gum, the interdental gum and the associated gum ( 187 ) . Gingivas are bit of the delicate tissue liner of the oral depression. They encompass the dentitions and flexibly a seal around them. Contrasted and the delicate tissue liners of the lips and cheeks, a large portion of the gum are firmly bound to the basic bone and are intended to challenge the conflict of supplement disregarding them ( Lindhe 2008 ; Narayanan 1996 ) . Solid gum is ordinarily coral pink, however may join physiologic pigmentation. Changes in shading, exceptionally expanded irritation, along with hydrops and an expanded tendency to shed blood, propose a redness that is perchance because of the accumulation of bacterial plaque ( Capa N, 2007 ) . The gum is partitioned anatomically into fringy, associated and interdental nations. The fringy gum is the terminal outskirt of gum environing the dentition. In about portion of people, it is delineated from the neighboring, joined gum by a shallow added substance sadness, the free gingival channel ( Capa N, 2007 ) The fringy gum is bolstered and settled by the gingival strands. The partnered gum is continuous with the fringy gum. It is resolute, strong, and firmly bound to the hidden periosteum of alveolar bone. The facial aspect of the subsidiary gum reaches out to the similarly free and mobile alveolar mucous film, from which it is delineated by the mucogingival intersection. Appended gum may appear with surface texturing ( Schroeder HE, 1997 ) The interdental gum possesses the gingival port, which is the interproximal boundless underneath the nation of tooth contact. The interdental gum can be pyramidic or have a hole shape.Attached gum is safe to masticatory powers and ever keratinised ( Stephen Burke Dent IV, 1994 ) . Sound gum regularly has a shading that has been portrayed as coral pink. Different colorss like rosy, white, and blue can mean redness ( gum disease ) or pathology. It has a smooth arcuate or scalloped visual perspective around every tooth. It other than fills and fits each interdental unbounded, not at all like the swollen gum papilla found in gum disease or the void interdental port seen in periodontic sickness. Solid gum catch tight to every tooth in that the gingival surface river to cut edge flimsy at the free gingival fringe. On the different manus, aggravated gums have a puffy or moved fringe. It has an ardent surface that is safe to movement, and the surface every now and again displays surface texturing. Undesirable gum, on the different manus, is much of the time proud and soft ( Seyedmajidi M, 2009 ) . The gingival strands are the connective tissue filaments that possess the gingival tissue nearby the dentition and help keep the tissue unfalteringly against the dentition ( Itoiz, ME, 2002 ) . They are predominantly formed to type I collagen, despite the fact that type III strands are other than included These filaments, in contrast to the filaments of the periodontic tendon, when all is said in done, append the tooth to the gingival tissue, rather than the tooth to the alveolar bone ( Schroeder HE, 1997 ) . The gingival filaments hold the fringy gum against the tooth, flexibly the fringy gum with sufficient unbending nature to challenge the powers of bite without adulterating, capacity to balance out the fringy gum by bringing together it with both the tissue of the more hardened subsidiary gum each piece great as the cementum bed of the tooth ( Itoiz, ME, 2002 ) . There are three gatherings inside which gingival filaments are orchestrated, they are dentogingival gathering, round gathering and transseptal gathering. The junctional epithelial tissue is that epithelial tissue which lies at the base of the gingival sulcus. It joins to the outside of the tooth with hemidesmosomes ( W.B. Saunders, 2002 ) . It lies right away apical to the sulcular epithelial tissue, which lines the gingival sulcus from the base to the free gingival outskirt, where it interfaces with the epithelial tissue of the unwritten cavity.Cells in the junctional epithelial tissue will in general hold expansive between cell infinites, to let the transmittal of white platelets from blood vass to base of the gingival sulcus, to help hinder malady. Harm to the junctional epithelial tissue outcomes in it being sporadic in surface, rather than smooth, and the development of pocket epithelial tissue, which is an essential indication of gingiva sickness. The sulcular epithelial tissue is that epithelial tissue which lines the gingival sulcus. It is apically limited by the junctional epithelial tissue and meets the epithelial tissue of the unwritten pit at the stature of the free gingival fringe. The sulcular epithelial tissue is nonkeratinized ( W.B. Saunders, 2002 ) . The periodontic tendon, regularly shortened as the PDL is a gathering of particular connective tissue filaments that fundamentally join a tooth to the alveolar bone inside which it sits. These filaments help the tooth withstand the obviously huge compressive powers which happen during rumination and stay inserted in the bone ( Sloan, P, 1978 ; Sloan, P, 1979 ) . Another guide of the PDL is to work as a start of proprioception, or centripetal excitation, with the goal that the encephalon can watch the powers being put on the dentitions and respond subsequently. To achieve this terminal, there are power per unit zone touchy receptors inside the PDL which permit the encephalon to detect the entirety of power being put on a tooth during rumination, for outline. This is of import on the grounds that the open surface of the tooth, called lacquer, has no such tactile receptors itself. In add-on to the PDL strands, there is another arrangement of filaments, known as the gingival filaments, which connect the dentitions to their next gingival tissue. Both the gingival strands, each piece great as the PDL filaments, are made primarily out of type I collagen ( Ten Cate, A. R, 1998 ) . The PDL is one of the four back uping tissues of a tooth, in any case alluded to as the periodontium. They are about 0.2 millimeters in broadness, and these measurements reducing with age ( C. Kober, B, 2006 ) . As expressed, the PDL strands are made predominantly out of type I collagen, in spite of the fact that type III filaments are other than included. Contrasted with most different tendons of the natural structure, these are very vascularized. The PDL strands are arranged blending to their direction and area along the tooth, for example, collagen filaments, gingival strands, trans-septal filaments, alveolar peak filaments, level filaments, slanted strands, apical filaments, and interradicular strands ( Quigley, M.B, 1970 ; Cohn, S.A, 1972 ; Cohn, S.A, 1972 ) . Cementum is a specific calcified substance covering the foundation of a tooth. Cementum is discharged by cells called cementoblasts inside the foundation of the tooth and is thickest at the root vertex. Its shading is xanthous and it is gentler than lacquer and dentin because of being less mineralized ( Jones SJ, 1972 ) . The central capacity of cementen inside the tooth is to work as a medium by which the periodontal tendons can append to the tooth for stableness. Consequently, its base surface is digression to the periodontic tendons going through the jaw ( by means of collagen filaments ) , and the upper piece of the surface is immovably solidified to the dentin of the tooth. It other than meets the finish lower on the tooth at the cemento-polish intersection. Here the cementum is known as noncellular cementum because of its lack of cell constituents, and screens around 1/3-1/2 of the root ( Groeneveld MC, 1994 ) . The more porous signifier of cementen, cell cementum, covers 1/3-1/2 of the root vertex, where it ties to the dentin. There is other than a third kind of cementum, afibrillar cementum, which in some cases broadens onto the veneer of the tooth. The mucogingival intersection is the mediation between the more apically found alveolar mucous layer and the more coronally found associated gum of the air sac ( Schroeder HE, 1979 ) . There exists a mucogingival intersection on each of the four gingival surfaces on which there exists openly impermeable alveolar mucous film: the facial gum of the upper jaw and both the facial and phonetic gum of the mandible. The palatine gum of the upper jaw is continuous with the tissue of the top of the mouth, which is bound down to the palatine castanetss. Since the top of the mouth is fruitless of uninhibitedly versatile alveolar mucous film, there is no mucogingival intersection ( W.B. Saunders, 2002 ) . Notices Hassell, TM. ( 1993 ) . Tissues and cells of the periodontium. Periodontol 2000 3, 9-38. Lindhe, J. , Karring, T. , and Araujo, M. ( 2008 ) . Life structures of the periodontium. In Clinical periodontology and embed dental medication, Lindhe, J. , Karring, T. , and Lang, N.P. fourth erectile brokenness Blackwell Publishing Limited pp. 3-? . Carranza s Clinical Periodontology, W.B. Saunders, 2002, 17-23. Itoiz, ME ; Carranza, FA: The Gingiva. In Newman, MG ; Takei, HH ; Carranza,

Why the Halo Effect Affects How We Perceive Others

Why the Halo Effect Affects How We Perceive Others Theories Social Psychology Print Why the Halo Effect Influences How We Perceive Others By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Reviewed by Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on July 01, 2019 facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our Wellness Board Amy Morin, LCSW Updated on February 09, 2020 Verywell / Joshua Seong More in Theories Social Psychology Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology The halo effect is a type of cognitive bias in which our overall impression of a person influences how we feel and think about their character. Essentially, your overall impression of a person (He is nice!) impacts your evaluations of that persons specific traits (He is also smart!). Perceptions of a single trait can carry over to how people perceive other aspects of that person. One great example of the halo effect in action is our overall impression of celebrities. Since people perceive them as attractive, successful, and often likable, they also tend to see them as intelligent, kind, and funny. What Is the Halo Effect? The halo effect is also something referred to as the physical attractiveness stereotype and the what is beautiful is also good principle. Physical appearance is often a major part of the halo effect. People who are considered attractive tend to be rated higher on other positive traits as well. However, this effect doesnt just affect our perceptions of people based on their attractiveness. It can also encompass other traits as well. People who are sociable or kind, for example, may also be seen as more likable and intelligent. The halo effect makes it so that perceptions of one quality lead to biased judgments of other qualities. The term itself uses the analogy of a halo to describe how it can affect perceptions. In religious art, a halo is often portrayed over a saints head, bathing the individual in a heavenly light to show that that person is good. When you see someone through the lens of the halo effect, you are seeing them cast in a similar light. That halo created by your perception of one characteristic covers them in the same way.   The History of the Halo Effect Psychologist Edward Thorndike first coined the term in a 1920 paper titled The Constant Error in Psychological Ratings. In the experiment described in the paper, Thorndike asked commanding officers in the military to evaluate a variety of qualities in their subordinate soldiers. These characteristics included such things as leadership, physical appearance, intelligence, loyalty, and dependability. Thorndikes goal was to determine how ratings of one quality bled over to assessments of other characteristics. He found that high ratings of a particular quality correlated to high ratings of other characteristics, while negative ratings of a specific quality also led to lower ratings of other characteristics. The correlations were too high and too even, Thorndike wrote. For example, for the three raters next studied the average correlation for physique with intelligence is .31; for physique with leadership, .39; and for physique with character, .28. So why do our overall impressions of a person create this halo that influences our evaluations of specific traits? Researchers have found that attractiveness is one factor that can play a role.?? Several different studies have found that when we rate people as good-looking, we also tend to believe that they have positive personality traits and that they are more intelligent. One study even found that jurors were less likely to believe that attractive people were guilty of criminal behavior. However, this attractiveness stereotype can also be a double-edged sword. Other studies have found that while people are more likely to ascribe a host of positive qualities to attractive people, they are also more likely to believe that good-looking individuals are vain, dishonest, and likely to use their attractiveness to manipulate others. Impact of the Halo Effect The halo effect may have an impact on a number of real-world settings. In Education Research has found that the halo effect may play a role in educational settings. Teachers may interact with students differently based on perceptions of attractiveness. Older research, for example, found that teachers had better expectations of kids that they rated as being more attractive.?? Another study that looked at academic records of more than 4,500 students. A group of 28 people then rated the attractiveness of the students (based on a student ID photo) on a scale of 1 (very unattractive) to 10 (very attractive).?? Students were then divided into three groups based on these attractiveness assessments: below-average, average, and above-average. Researchers then compared students grades between classes taken in a traditional face-to-face classroom setting and those taken online. Researchers found that students who were rated as above-average in appearance earned significantly lower grades in online courses than they did in their traditional classes. The halo effect can influence how teachers treat students, but it can also impact how students perceive teachers. In one study, researchers found that when an instructor was viewed as warm and friendly, students also rated them as more attractive, appealing, and likable. In the Workplace There are a number of ways that the halo effect can influence perceptions of others in work settings. For example, experts suggest that the halo effect is one of the most common biases affecting performance appraisals and reviews. Supervisors may rate subordinates based on the perception of a single characteristic rather than the whole of their performance and contribution. For example, a workers enthusiasm or positive attitude may overshadow their lack of knowledge or skill, causing co-workers to rate them more highly than their actual performance justifies. The halo effect can also have an impact on income. A study published in the Journal of Economic Psychology found that, on average, attractive food servers earned approximately $1,200 more per year in tips than their unattractive counterparts.?? Another study found that physical attractiveness has a positive effect not only on a persons self-confidence but also on their overall income and financial well-being.?? Job applicants are also likely to feel the impact of the halo effect. If a prospective employer views the applicant as attractive or likable, they are more likely to also rate the individual as intelligent, competent, and qualified. In Marketing Marketers take advantage of the halo effect to sell products and services. When a celebrity spokesperson endorses a particular item, our positive evaluations of that individual can spread to our perceptions of the product itself. A Word From Verywell So, the next time you trying to evaluate another person, whether it is deciding which political candidate to vote for or which movie to see on a Friday night, consider how your overall impressions of them might influence your evaluations of other characteristics. Does your impression of a candidate being a good public speaker lead you to feel that they are also smart, kind, and hard-working? Does thinking that a particular actor is good-looking also lead you to think that they are a compelling actor? Of course, being aware of the halo effect still doesnt make it easy to avoid its influence on our perceptions and decisions. The halo effect is just one of many biases that allow people to make snap decisions but also contributes to errors in judgment.

The Roman Culture Essay - 861 Words

The Roman Culture They were happy. This is the basal could cause of the aces aloft of time amplitude that the Roman Advantage breath lots of the acclimatized western land. Abounding rulers met their abatement in the event that they put their own cachet in alpha of the able accepting of the bodies they govern. If the citizens are larboard top dry not admired as important to their amalgamation again this is if there is an allay of adeptness a used adjudicator comes in to play. Citizens had an abode in politics, they acceptance affluence of entertainment, they had the best army in the angel to assure them, Rome was the abode to access would be that way for affluence of years. Lots of leaders appear go but it is the†¦show more content†¦Augustus is a classical man acclimatized to accompany humiliated the age-old moral to the citizens. They acclimation the admeasurements of the army gave soldiers acreage money. They imports aliment accordance it abroad to the people. Augustus acclimatized Rome from city-limits of acceptance to city-limits of marble by architectonics temples basilicas to represent his adeptness as able as his acclaim for the city-limits that they take affliction of. At this time bodies could see that amalgamation was even times were abounding due to an abounding leader. Soon afterwards the aphorism of Augustus the Coliseum is complete beneath the aphorism of Vespasian Titus, completed in 80A.D. The Coliseum creates affray an allocation of the Roman citizens, which keeps them breath for hundreds of years. The claiming at the Coliseum beauty as able as abruptness the citizens. They acceptance not very afore aboveboard abolishment like this. Everything from adopted beast’s affronted abysm to argosy battles on the abounding abject of the behemoth structure. The Roman bodies became bedeviled with this able action that brought the able city-limits together. In the third Emperor Caracalla affiliated Roman citizenship to every charge less one that lived in the aural the empire. This cachet aspect could accepting one to biking to the far anteroom of the acreage afterwards accepting bothered by adopted persons. TheseShow MoreRelatedRoman Culture And The Roman Empire774 Words   |  4 PagesRoman Culture The Roman Empire is among the greater ancient civilizations known to man. In 753 B.C. Rome at one point consisted of The Rhine River to Egypt and from Asia Minor to Britain accumulating some 2 millions square miles. This essay goes over some of their culture and the great strides made throughout 753 BC to 27 BC and from 64 AD to 1453 A.D. I. Military The Roman military focused on teamwork and making their soldiers brave throughout their training. 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The ancient Greeks and Romans beheld extreme im portance in living the good life with the view of living in the here and now, whereas early Christianity was concentrated on living a life for the hereafter. These two drastically different life views are best revealed through the independent ways in which figures were depicted and how faithRead MoreRoman Culture During The Roman Empire Essay2053 Words   |  9 Pages Culture Roman culture was based on cultures of its neighboring societies mainly the Greeks and Etruscans, with such a blended culture the Romans took everything that that had learned and adopted and became one of the most advanced societies of it time. Using its advance knowledge and vast empire to spread the roman culture around the globe. Being one of the most advanced societies for the time the technology that the romans invented and pioneered the first water pipes for the citizens that couldRead MoreThe Foundation Of The Roman Culture Essay2604 Words   |  11 PagesQuestion 1 The foundation of the Roman culture had a strong Etruscan influence due to their taking control of Rome circa 650 BC. The Etruscans transformed Rome into an actual, functioning city through urban planning and civil engineering projects. Although the Etruscans were hostile in their take over, the Romans would not have accomplished what they did alone. It was not until circa 500 BC that Rome successfully shook off Etruscan rule. Once they were free, the Romans established a republic, a formRead MoreImpact of Greek Culture on the Romans790 Words   |  3 Pages(Fiero 139). From their superior culture to an army of 300,000 men who behaved as if â€Å"they had been born with weapons in their hands†, the Roman culture was unparalleled (Fiero 139). 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Short Story Reactions Lit/125 - 1644 Words

Reactions to â€Å"Salvation† This short story by Langston Hughes left me confused. I still wonder if he was saved or not; whether â€Å"salvation† should be the title of the story or not. â€Å"I was saved from sin when I was going on thirteen. But not really saved.† (Salvation, 351). This is how the story begins, with a contradiction. I suppose this some what grabbed me in interest for a while, but I do have to admit that I never truly understood if Hughes was â€Å"saved† or not. It almost seemed to me that there were missing components, that this short story was maybe an excerpt from a larger story. I did not take the time to confirm this or not because I think if I knew for sure, it may take away from my true interpretation of this piece. I found†¦show more content†¦He could have written this short story to help himself put it all into a perspective, or maybe to help illustrate a lesson readers. Either way, I feel Hughes was happy to one day not feel burdened by this particular event in his life. Reactions to â€Å"On Going Home† â€Å"†¦ yet some nameless anxiety colored the emotional charges between me and the place that I came from.† (On Going Home, 620). I can read this story and be fine. In actuality not really give a care about it. Yet, when I chose to write my reaction to the short story On Going Home by Joan Didion, I can’t help but have a vivid emotional connection with at least one idea portrayed in the story, and that connection lies in the nostalgic anxiety that overwhelms me whenever I â€Å"go home†. I’ll take a moment to recognize some of the other aspects of what Didion touched on†¦ things like her other â€Å"home†. The home where she lives with her husband and child, and is not only geographically different, but also the way she exists in that â€Å"home† is very different. 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The total reality of the spectacle is greater in the theater than in motion pictures, but the portion of reality available to the fiction is greater in the cinema than in the theater. In short, the secret of film is that it is able to leave a high degree of reality in its images, which are, nevertheless, still perceived as images. Poor images do not sustain the world of the imagination enough for it to assume reality. Conversely, the simulation

Foreign Aid and the Development of African Nations Free Essays

The African Nations, particularly those lying in the Sub-Saharan region have been subject to poverty, inadequate financial resources of their respective governments, lack of proper infrastructure and essential services like health, sanitation and water supply. These countries have also long been plagued by corrupt leaders, who have no concern about the sufferings of their citizens, despite growing their personal wealth based on the countries’ natural resources and foreign aid. Despite billions of dollars of foreign aid pouring in the region by countries like the United States, U. We will write a custom essay sample on Foreign Aid and the Development of African Nations or any similar topic only for you Order Now   K. , Germany and Japan there is no tangible change in the development of these countries. This paper will discuss the role of foreign aid in the development of the African Countries. Though, the common perception among the people is that the sub-Saharan Africa receives fairly large amount of foreign aid, but there is no proper outcome of it. They often complain that most of aid given to the African governments is consumed in non-development expenditures, or either is directly deposited in the overseas accounts of the rulers. But the fact is that the amount of aid given to these countries is never enough, particularly when considered the amount of development work done. Another problem is the method of distribution of the foreign aid, as there is very little amount, which is directly handed over to the African governments for their projects. Most of the aid is either in the form of technical support in which most of the aid is used in paying the officials of the aid giving country in exchange of their services. For e. g. the United States, which is considered as a major ODA, provider in the region does not spend, as she should have and as much resources she has. Most of the foreign aid provided by the United States is either in response to catastrophes like famine, earthquakes and tsunamis etc. , or in the form of emergency relief, like the U. S. wheat supply in cases of shortage of food supplies due to draught in many African countries. (Sachs, 82) On the other hand the actual amount of Official Development Assistance is far below as it is thought by many Americans. It is simply because large portion of ODA is disbursed primarily to the strategic nations like Iraq and Afghanistan. The remaining amount left for the non-strategic countries is then distributed either via NGOs or in the form of technical expertise and services. In both cases none of the amount is directly handed over to the recipient government. Thus the leftover of the ODA, which is directly handed over to the aid recipient nations, is significantly low. The same is the case of most donor nations like the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Japan and Italy etc. The amount of aid actually handed over to these governments, which may help them to practically implement the public development projects like hospitals, schools, water supply and sanitation etc. (Sachs, 82) According to the 2003 U. S. government statistics regarding the ODA given by the United States to the sub-Saharan Africa, the total amount given was $4. 7 billion only. The sad story is that out of this huge amount only $118 million were directly handed over to African governments in order to support public development programs run by the government and communities.  (Sachs, 83) Therefore the given statistics regarding the U. S. aid depicts the inadequate amount of direct aid given to the African nations. Now speaking about the output and consequences of the foreign aid in the development of sub-Saharan African nations, the results are not encouraging. Partly because of inadequate amount of aid, ineffective method of aid distribution and disbursement, corrupt governments and leaders the outcome is not overall satisfactory regarding virtually the entire sub-Saharan region. The United States and other donor countries can shed their burden by using the United Nations as a platform of foreign assistance to the sub-Saharan regions. (Tharoor) Kenya is a good example to analyze the role of foreign aid in the economic and public development of the country. Kenya had been among those countries, which have received huge external aid flows from the donor nations and institutions in order to foster economic growth and reduce poverty. But unfortunately the outcome has never been satisfactory as there is no major improvement in the economic growth of the country, neither there is any significant reduction in poverty or any tangible public development as an outcome of foreign aid. The country like other sub-Saharan African nations faces high indebtedness, unemployment and absolute poverty. The poor economic performance of the country has led to high dependency of Kenya on foreign aid. (Njeru, 1) The Kenyan development expenditures were slightly above 10% of the total government expenditures during the late 90s. This shows a development expenditure decline of about 50% from the 70s, which was just below 20% at that time. Due to poor economic performance the government development budget has increasingly become dependent on donors. For e. g. in the 80s only 40% of the development expenditure depended on foreign aid, while in the next debate the dependence had raised to 70%. (Njeru, 6) This increasing dependence was the result of poor performance and using the local government resources on non-development expenditures. Most of funds disbursed by the donors is either in the form of appropriations-in-aid or revenue, the most common of which is appropriations-in-aid method. Using this method the donors have direct contact with the project coordinator, but there is a drawback of this method as the government loses control of these projects there is a big chance that they may become white elephants. (Njeru, 9) On the other hand, under the revenue system the funds are disbursed directly to the Treasury via special accounts in the central bank, but here are some other risks, like misuse of the funds because of weak accounting system at the Treasury.  (Njeru, 9) During the post-independence period Kenya receive heavy inflow of foreign aid particularly from the British. In the 70s and 80s there were high development activities in telecommunication networks, land settlement schemes, health and education sectors. During the 80s Kenya had enjoyed the highest level of foreign aid flow and there were about 600 active development projects in the above-mentioned sectors. (The Role of Foreign Aid in Development, 37) The major setback in the initial development progress was brought by former president Kenyatta and his successor Daniel arap Moi, as they not only backtracked the on going progress by making some unsound decisions like price control, marketing boards which soon adversely affected the prices and production incentive. Import substitution was also an important drawback, which resulted in poor economic condition and forced the government to stall many public development projects. (Erixon, 14) Corruption is also an important factor, which has led to the wastage of large amount of foreign aid. According to the Transparency International’s index of corruption Kenya was among the 10 most corrupted countries. According to TI the incidence of corruption is about 50% in most ministries, city councils, parastatals, SOEs and other governing bodies. (Erixon, 14) President Kenyatta’s regime was plagued by his so-called land reforms in the name of which he received large amount of foreign aid and subsequently became the largest landowner in the country. His alleged favor to his tribesmen and kinsmen, the Kikuyu, also resulted in mass corruption and loss of large amount of donor’s money. Using foreign aid to support their own kindred has become a norm in the Kenyan politics. (Cohen, 7) Presidents Moi’s regime is also marked by misuse of foreign aid in favor of the relative and political supporters. For e. g. the Kenyan government received $873 million in official development assistance in the fiscal year of 1991/92. All this aid was either on grant basis or loan basis and supported some 654 public development projects. These projects have about 2,000 sub-components, in order to give every ethnic group a fair price of the fund. Not surprisingly a large amount of the fund and project resources were not used accordingly. (Cohen, 13) Moreover the public developments on district level were also done on ethnic and political basis, as those areas where the residents are either the tribesmen of the president or loyal to him will receive a large sum of budget and public development programs, while those who oppose him like the Kikuyu, the people of the former president Kenyatta receive marginal amount of budget and public development funds. (Cohen, 16-17) President Moi’s government and leadership have been marked with more corruption and use of foreign aid on their own behalf. According to a Guardian report, President Moi, his associates and relatives have allegedly moved more than 1 billion pounds of government money to nearly 30 countries including Britain. Other relatives who have been involved in corruption of millions of dollars government money include Moi’s sons, which have moved 384m and 550m pounds respectively. (Rice) This report clearly depicts how ruthlessly these corrupt leaders have looted their country and fellow countrymen. The same is the character of NGOs in this regard, as most of the NGOs working in Kenya have their loyalties with one of the political parties or ethnic groups and they only work in their interest. Moreover those NGOs which are honest to their mission and objective face constraints and suppression from the government and they are only allowed to work according to the interest of the government officials, and their interest is always to do a favor to their kinsmen or political allies. In this way the people in real and dire need are often neglected, only because they do not have enough political power or ethnic relation with the people in the office. Botswana is another case and a different story. The country has been the best example of good governance and leadership in the continent by far. It is the only country, which has been democratic in spiritually and practically throughout the entire post-independence period. The country has actively promoted the its’ citizens social and economic development throughout its post-colonial history. The country led by its founder Sir Seretse Khama and his successors were dedicated to deliberate democracy and market economy. Khama played an important role in developing a law-respecting political culture, which was wholeheartedly endured by his successors. (Rotberg) Though Botswana has received a heavy amount of foreign aid inflow the public development of the country in not based on that primarily. The main factor, which contributed in the country’s success, is its good governance and lack of corruption. According to Transparency International Botswana is the least corrupted country in the African continent far better than many European and Asian countries. (Williams) Botswana has shown its capability of utilizing the amount of donors’ funds. Botswana has the strongest state institutions, professional civil services, strong planning systems and centralized aid management systems. All these have helped the country to utilize the funds wisely and accordingly with the minimum loss and misuse possible. The effective use of aid effectively contributes to the project plans, but also gave the country more control over the aid. This is in contrast to Kenya where the foreign aid froze twice due to poor compliance of the Kenyan government to the conditions of the donors. (Renzio, Whitfield Bergamaschi, 1-4) After the independence Botswana was among the poorest countries of the world and there was lack of proper infrastructure and social and economic institutions. In the initial post-independence period the country has used large amount of foreign aid, but the leadership was wise enough to use the foreign assistance in proper way. The government also preferred grants to loans and used diversified donors and also made a habit of refusing to accept aid when not necessary. (Togo, 3) The government wisely used foreign aid in not only developing the public sector like health, transportation, sanitation and water supply, but also used the chance to invest the aid heavily in the diamond mining industry which later boosted the country’s economy and help Botswana to overcome her dependence on foreign aid. (Togo, 4) But in the 90s the situation has changed and the new generation of leaders have emerged which are not willing to follow the path of Khama. They have allegedly used the government funds as their personal possessions acting double as the directors of private funds thus reserving these funds for the projects run by their firms. Furthermore in 1992 the credibility and respect of the Botswana government was further tarnished by the notorious Housing Corporation scandal in which the Vice president and other high-ranking officials were allegedly involved. (Togo, 5) Despite all these downfalls and shortcomings emerging in the new general of politicians, the country is still the least corrupt as compared to other African nations. According to recent studies Botswana has received the highest level of foreign aid up to 1980s, which has played a significant role in the development of the country. The foreign assistance had been as high as $200 per capita in 1980s. But the studies show that aid has only played siginificant role in public development in the early years of independence, when the country relied completely on the British aid for its expenditures. But in the next decade the ratio of aid had declined sharply, and the revenue from diamond mining far exceeded the aid. In the late 80s the share of aid fell to 3% of GDP from 29% in 1967. Therefore foreign assistance played significant role in the first two decades of the country history. (Togo, 6) The founder president of Botswana made his priority to secondary education in order to increase the proportion of the natives in the countries civil service and other comprehensive development projects, like mine development, construction of dams and irrigation. The government wanted to provide the natives jobs and reduce poverty. Thus they used the foreign aid initially to promote education and then focused on the infrastructure like roads, electric power and water supply, which will become the basis of the mining industry. (Togo, 8) The government than acquired $2. 5 million loan from the World Bank to finance the Shashe complex diamond-mining project. The government also won technical assistance from several developed countries. The foreign assistance acquired was largely used in the development of the infrastructure of the Shashe Complex project. Then the aid was used for the development of the human and physical capital. (Togo, 8)Thus Botswana used foreign assistance for the development of the human capital by promoting education and physical capital by developing the infrastructure. In this way one can easily conclude that foreign assistance played an important role in the development of the country in the first two decades. But when the case of Botswana is compared with that of Kenya, it becomes clear that foreign aid is not the sole factor in the success of a country. In the last four decades Kenya has received more foreign assistance than Botswana, but the country never became economical strong as Botswana did. The primary reason was the different in the vision and approach of the rulers of the two countries. The Kenyan first two rulers have been among the most corrupted and autocratic type of rulers and they have no interest in the welfare of their fellow citizens. They ruthlessly used the countries resources as personal possessions. On the other hand the Botswana founder president Khama and his successors have been honest to their country and fellow citizens and wisely used their country’s resources as well as the foreign assistance they had received to develop their country’s economy, public sector institutions and infrastructure. Therefore foreign aid has never been the primary factor in any country’s development. How to cite Foreign Aid and the Development of African Nations, Papers

Employment Law for Trade Union Recognition -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theEmployment Law for Trade Union Recognition. Answer: Union recognition process: The present question is based on the employment law in Singapore. Under this law, four categories are present to deal with various dimensions of the employment-based problem (Mirsky et al., 2016). They are general employment laws, employment of foreigners, trade union law and workplace safety. Trade unions are set up for the benefit of the workers in a commercial place and attempt to secure the interest of the workers. Therefore, it can be stated that the trade unions are playing important role in work place. After the incorporation, the trade union should be recognized (McDonnell et al., 2013). The main objective of trade union is to secure the interest of the workers, but employers are taking an effective part in the recognition process of the unions. The recognition procedure of the trade union is based on the consent of the employers on the negotiation issue of the wage and working condition. Under the trade union law, the process of negotiation between the employers and the unio n is known as collective bargaining. The union recognition process is divided in two parts, such as voluntary recognition and statutory recognition (McGettigan Scott, 2014). If the employer is giving consent over the trade union issue, the process will be known as voluntary recognition. In this case, there is no necessity of any legal process. The consenting procedure is based on the secret ballot system (Chan Hui, 2014). In this process, the parties remain flexible regarding the recognition arrangement. In Singapore, the trade unions are recognized when the employees are claiming for the same maintaining the rules stated under part 3 of the Act. When the claim has been served to the employer, he is bound to response on the same within the limitation of seven consecutive days. If the employers have failed to meet the criteria within the prescribed period, he will be liable show cause to the commissioner. The commissioner may, at his discretion, informs the employer to state his view by way of secret ballot system. An acknowledgement is needed in this process specify the condition regarding the secret ballot system. In the union recognition procedure, ballot system is mandatory in nature. It is the responsibility of the commissioner to let the employer know about the result of the ballot process regarding the recognition of union. If it has observed that most of the employees had casted their votes for the establishment of trade union, the employer will recognize the trade union within three working days. The countdown for the recognition will be start from the date of knowledge about the result of the secret ballot. It is the sole responsibility of the employer to inform the employees about the recognition process. Dispute regarding bargaining unit Trade unions are used as an institution to promote industrial relationship, which are resulted into an enhancement of the socio-economic status of the country. The parties to the trade union are the employer and employees. When a union is recognized, the employer makes a process of negotiation over the issues related to the wages and working conditions. They are known as collective bargaining (Grimshaw, Bosch, Rubery, 2014). Three Acts are dealing with the collective bargaining procedure. Under the Industrial Relations Act, recognition is possible only by the consent of the employers. It is primary duty of the employer to negotiate on certain issues regarding the interest of the employees. The collective bargaining process includes remuneration, working conditions, facilities, health and safety measures of the employees and other related company affairs. Therefore, it can be stated that the collective bargaining is important in a workplace. If there is, any laxity or dispute arises regarding the same, certain steps can be taken that are ensured by the Industrial Dispute Act. Under the Act, certain steps regarding the conciliation process has been stated in section 21. If it has been observed that there is no possibility regarding the collective agreement in between the employer and the employees, conciliation proceeding can be adopted. The commissioner in certain circumstances may chair conciliation process. In Singapore, there is another process by which dispute regarding bargaining unit be resolved. This process is known as the arbitration process (Leggett Stewart, 2014). If matter regarding the dispute is to be referred to the IAC, an arbitration proceeding will be commenced by them. If the disputed matter is over the waging system, any one of the party can make the request to IAC. However, except the waging problem, joint request is needed in every single issue. Reference: Chan, C. K. C., Hui, E. S. I. (2014). The development of collective bargaining in China: From collective bargaining by riot to party state-led wage bargaining.The China Quarterly,217, 221-242. Grimshaw, D., Bosch, G., Rubery, J. (2014). Minimum wages and collective bargaining: What types of pay bargaining can foster positive pay equity outcomes?.British Journal of Industrial Relations,52(3), 470-498. Grimshaw, D., Bosch, G., Rubery, J. (2014). Minimum wages and collective bargaining: What types of pay bargaining can foster positive pay equity outcomes?.British Journal of Industrial Relations,52(3), 470-498. Leggett, C., Stewart, G. (2014). Australia and the system of arbitration in Singapore.The Economic and Labour Relations Review,25(1), 115-129. McDonnell, A., Bartram, T., Boyle, B., Stanton, P., Burgess, J. (2013). Union recognition, bargaining arrangements and voice mechanisms of US and Australian MNEs in Australia. McGettigan, C., Scott, S. K. (2014). Voluntary and involuntary processes affect the production of verbal and non-verbal signals by the human voice.Behavioral and Brain Sciences,37(6), 564-565. Mirsky, R., Gal, Y. A. K., Stern, R., Kalech, M. (2016, May). Sequential plan recognition. InProceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Autonomous Agents Multiagent Systems(pp. 1347-1348). International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems.

Kate Chopin Essays (217 words) - Philosophy Of Love, Emotions

Kate Chopin Katherine Chopin has a different opinion of love, marriage, than most writers of her day. In her writing she indicates to her readers that marriage, though built on a foundation of love can not contain passion. Love is considered a feeling that inspires passion, and romance. It continues on throughout the marriage, but the passion and romance are lost somewhere in the struggles of married life. This loss can also occur in the task of raising children, causing a sort of neglect for the love of one's life. Passion is what inspires an individual to do anything. Chopin it seems is saying that this is an impossibility in marriage in the since of love or sexual relationship. Passion however can be found outside the marriage with other sexual partners. It can also be found in other areas such as in "The Story of an Hour." The main character in this story exemplifies this truth by the statement made after she got over the shock of her husband's death, "Free, free, free!" Her passion came from the realization that she was once again free to do as she wished. Marriage it seems is considered somewhat sacred even though it was almost as if it was acceptable for extramarital relations to take place in Chopin's stories. She seems to think this act of breaking the holy vows of marriage was a justifiable act.

Grammarly Review 2019 Pros, Cons, and Best Features for Writing

Grammarly Review 2019 Pros, Cons, and Best Features for Writing Grammarly Review 2019: Pros, Cons, and Best Features for Writing You need help.That’s why you’re looking into Grammarly, right?With the world turning to the online and computer space, having a reliable way of ensuring your grammar is nearly perfect each time is essential.Nobody wants a troll using their grammar as a weapon online.No matter if you’re a blogger, writing a book, or just want an app to take care of the technical aspects of writing across many platforms (including email thank goodness!), Grammarly might be the answer for you.But before we get into the Grammarly review, let’s take a look at what this software actually is.What is Grammarly?Grammarly is an app or extension for your browser that checks your grammar, spelling, plagiarism, and more in real-time on a number of different platforms, including Microsoft Word, WordPress, Facebook, and more.This grammar app is actually coined as being your â€Å"Free Grammar Assistant.†Sounds nice, right?But there are certainly limitations as with any  writin g software like this. Let’s take a look at a full Grammarly review of its features, the pros and cons, and the price point for premium and business upgrades. Grammarly Review: The Features with Each VersionAs someone who has used Grammarly’s free program for a few years while building a freelance writing business, I can confidently say that if you’re not using it, that’s a mistake.But there may be features you need that aren’t available with the free or even premium versions.Here’s a table covering each Grammarly feature and which plans cover it.FeaturesFreePremiumGrammar and spelling checksâÅ"“âÅ"“Checks punctuations grammar, context, and sentence structureXâÅ"“Vocabularly enhacementXâÅ"“Genre-specific writing style checksXâÅ"“Plagiarism detector (checks over 16 billions web pages)XâÅ"“How Much Does Grammarly Cost?As you know by now, Grammarly isnt just free and for a good reason.With as many helpful features as it offers in addition to what you get for free, paying a pretty penny is totally worth it if youre someone who needs more of those advanced capabilities.Heres how much Grammarly costs for each version:VersionMonthlyQuarterlyAnnualPremium$29.95 / month$59.95 (breaks down to $19.98 / month)$139.95 (breaks down to $11.66 / month)Free→→→Grammarly Review with Pros and ConsAs with anything, there are some pros and cons that come along with Grammarly.Let’s dive into this Grammarly review and discuss each in detail and what you can expect if you choose to use it for all your writerly needs. Grammarly ProsThere are many reasons Grammarly has exploded its growth in recent years. These are a few of many pros this writing software has to offer.#1 Real-time grammar correctingThis is fantastic and has changed the game when it comes to checking your work and editing faster.Instead of writing everything out and then clicking the â€Å"check spelling and grammar† button, y ou’ll know right when you make a mistake that you have, in fact, made an error.You might be wondering why this is so great when you can just check it after you’re done.Have you ever forgotten to hit that button when you spent a ton of time drafting something very important? Because I have.And let me tell you, if I could see the errorsas they happen, I can change them right away, resulting in a cleaner final result. Plus, it’s all automatic. You don’t have to click a button for Grammarly to do its job.#2 Highly accurateThis grammar software doesn’t make a whole lot of mistakes. Occasionally, it can misunderstand what you’re trying to say or put a comma where you don’t necessarily need or want one, but overall, it has a high rate of accuracy.And when you’re checking grammar, accuracy is always best. Just be aware of why its asking you to change something and only accept if its correct.#3 Easy to understand explanationsGrammarly doesn’t just tell you when something is wrong. While that would totally be okay, this program goes a step further with explanations so you can understand in order to learn and improve.So not only are you getting the benefit of your writing being polished in real-time, but you’re also learning how to become a better writer.Grammarly has 2 options when it comes to explanations. You can do a quick-view to make the change with little help like below:Or you can click See More in Grammarly and view a full explanation like the image below:The more you use Grammarly, the more you’ll understand where commas go, how to phrase certain sentences properly, and how you can strengthen your writing altogether.By a simple explanation like the one featured above, you won’t even need Grammarly as much in the future.#4 Customization Even if you’re using the free version of Grammarly, it’s pretty customizable given its limitation in features. You’re abl e to select your preferred language, turn it off on certain websites, as well as add new words you use often to the dictionary.This is perfect if you have any words you use regularly that aren’t necessarily â€Å"real† words, like brand names, slang, or abbreviations. There’s no need to fix each of these errors if you just click â€Å"add to dictionary† when Grammarly marks it as incorrect the first time.Just hover over the word and click Add to Dictionary in the pop-up box, as you can see below:#5 Very simple to useYou don’t have to be a computer whiz in order to figure out this piece of software. Essentially, all you have to do is install the plugin or browser extension and you’re good to go!Much like Microsoft Word and Google Doc’s spellcheck, Grammarly will underline incorrect words or grammar and show you what to replace it with and why if you simply hover over it.This is perfect for those of you who need a bit of help in the gr ammar department but aren’t thrilled with the idea of a more complex piece of writing software.Grammarly ConsIt can’t all be perfect, right? While there are some amazing features within Grammarly, there are certain aspects that could be improved.#1 It doesn’t work on everythingMost popularly, Grammarly doesn’t function on Google Docs, which can be a real bummer for those of you who use this writing software all the time.But, they are currently beta testing Grammarly with Google Docs so you might not have to wait long before this feature is available for good!Just take a look at the notification I received on my Grammarly Chrome extension when I was crafting this very blog post in Google Docs:It seems as though Grammarly is certainly breaking out and extending their services to more and more platforms which is great if you use many for work, hobbies, or a combination of the two.#2 Its free version is very limitedAs you can see from the table above, the free version of Grammarly is very limited. It really only has one function, and that’s to correct your spelling and grammar.While this might seem like a major con to some, it’s perfectly acceptable to others.Personally, I don’t need much more than just the free features. Going for Grammarly Premium is certainly more useful for those looking to transform their writing for the better or those who need a bit more than just grammar help.There’s a huge gap between the free version and the premium option that could be closed a little by offering more free features.If youre curious which writing software is best for you and if Grammarly is even a good fit, take this short, 2-minute quiz below to find out!Want to find the best writing software for you?Take this quick, 2-minute quiz to find out which will help you the most!Click Here to Take the Quiz!#3 Aggressive advertisingThis company wants you to upgrade they really want you to upgrade.While they’re c ompletely justified to get you to spend more money to go premium, their spam-like ads and emails can be a bit much for people.Thankfully, you can easily opt-out of their email list by unsubscribing and that virtually solves the problem on that end.However, they still advertise to you through the Grammarly extension from time to time by notifying you to upgrade.While it’s irritating, it’s still tolerable and not necessarily a deal-breaker.Grammarly AlternativesIf you’re not quite sold on Grammarly, there are other programs out there that are very similar you might want to check out.Writing SoftwareCostMicrosoft Word$79.99Scrivener$45Pages$28Freedom$2.42/monthGoogle DocsFreeEvernoteFreeFocusWriterFreeFastPencilFreeHemingway AppFreeDropboxFreeOpen OfficeFreeyWriterFreeYour Next StepsI hate to be the bearer of bad newsbut Grammarly won’t actually get the writing done for you, nor does it teach you how to write a book.And if that’s what you’re af ter, here’s what you can do next if you want true success:#1 Join your free trainingNo matter if you have a grammar editor sitting right next to you or a software that corrects it, they wont show you the way to not only write a book, but become a bestseller.Thats where we come in.

Business Forms Available Under UK Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business Forms Available Under UK Law - Essay Example Characteristics †¢ The sole trader possesses all the assets of the business. †¢ He or she is directly liable to any debts incurred by the business. †¢ The business is easy to dissolve since no formalities or paper works are required. Examples of some of the most known sole trader business include the Donald Trump organization, owned and managed by Donald trump who is also the founder of Trump entertainment Resorts. b) Company This is an association of individuals united by a common objective and normally come together with the intention of achieving specific goals. Companies are in two major categories; private and public. The difference between these two is that whereas public companies have the right to sell their shares to the public, private companies do not and neither do they trade their shares in stock exchange (Liu Post, 2014). Characteristics of public companies †¢ Have the right to sell shares to the public. †¢ Can trade shares in the stock exchange. †¢ Have a limited liability status. Characteristics of private companies †¢ Do not trade shares in stock exchange. †¢ Only requires a maximum of fifty members. †¢ Normally run and owned by family members and relatives Examples of public companies include Microsoft and IBM while private companies comprise of Cargill and Publix. This is a single business whereby two or more persons share ownership (BIS, 2013, p. 3). In this business, it is a requirement that each member participates in the contribution of all aspects such as capital, skills and labor. Partnerships are in three categories; Joint ventures, General and limited partnerships.

Human resource management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Human resource management - Essay Example Recruitment and selection Hiring and firing forms one of the basic and core functions of HR practitioners. It mainly deals with identifying potential applicants for present as well as future openings. They are also involved in assessment and evaluation so that efficient placement and selection decisions are made. Establishing procedures and policies for recruitment and hiring in another area dealt with the HR managers in an organization (Tyson, 1995). 2. Benefits and compensation The second core function handled by HR department is compensation and benefits management. Their job is providing a rational method for determination of right payment for right jobs. Since it is a critical component of the business, the function is entirely managed by HR managers. It is also related to employee development and incentive program. 3. Training and development Training and development is another vital function in an organization. The HR practitioners are involved in creating training and develop ment programs which are aimed at solving issues such as employee performance, skills enhancement, increasing expertise and overall personality etc (Chan and Scott-Ladd, 2004). HR managers have special expertise in program evaluation and unlike other managers; they are able to utilize employee feedback in a better manner. Training and development is an important function which assures that employees are capable of job performance at acceptable levels (Nasiripour and Kazemi, 2012). 4. Performance management Performance management is the ability to effectively manage the overall performance of employees in an organization. Implementation and establishment of a complete performance management program is an essential function. Designing the process, reviewing, maintaining and effective monitoring is a challenging task and requires expertise. Coaching managers about the use and implementation of performance management programs is also an essential function of the HR team (Hughes and Rog, 2008). Literature The current business environment is dominated by globalization and internationalization. Organizations have become multinational and cross-cultural teams are common in firms. The current challenge of HR practitioners is to create new strategies and meet the ever increasing expectations and challenges as a result of the continuous evolution. They are also expected to create and add value to the organization. In the following sections external and internal factors and their effect on the overall HR functions will be discussed. Influence of external factors on HR functions Political In political terms, the external factors which can influence the work of HR practitioners as well as HRM functions are trade unions. Trade unions are officially recognized employee associations, joined together as a collective and united front voice in order to deal with management issues. The objective behind these trade unions is to secure the economic and social interest and well-being of the members of the organizations. Since trade unions become an additional party in relationship between employees and the company, they are considered as external influencing factors (Jackson and Schuler, 1995).Various laws are associated with union laws. Trade unions affect the HR laws and functions in various ways. Management has less flexibility and discretion while administering and implementing HR procedures, policies and practices while communicating with unionized

Suspense Techniques Applied By Alfred Hitchcock Film Studies Essay

Suspense Techniques Applied By Alfred Hitchcock Film Studies Essay Suspense, horror, and creative are some of the words that describe Alfred Hitchcock s films. Something that no one had ever seen on screen was the techniques Hitchcock used. He was known as the master of suspense for his ways of manipulating and creating the sense of fear in the audience. Knowing the meaning of fear since childhood, he was believed to be the inventor of the suspense and horror genre in the film industry, improving movies with new technology and ideas to deliver exactly what he wanted to viewers to feel and understand. The film The Birds (1963) was a masterpiece and a thriller directed by Hitchcock that had many effective and brilliant techniques that are still used to this day. Alfred Hitchcock (August 13, 1899-April 29, 1980) was born and raised in a middle class family in London, England. Fear was the key emotion Hitchcock was very familiar with while growing up that played a huge part in the films he directed. At the tender age of five, his father sent him to a local police station many times after misbehaving and was put in jail for several minutes. The policeman returned to let him go, just to remind him that this is what naughty boys go though if they get into trouble. His mother would punish him by making him stand up at the foot of her bed for hours. Because of his overweight body figure, he stated that his childhood was very lonely and sheltered . He first went to school at St Ignatius College, but right after his dad died when Hitchcock was 14 years old, he went to the School of Engineering and Navigation, where he was fascinated by photography and film. His first job was working as a title-card creator for the film company Paramount Pictures. It took Hitchcock five years to become a film director. Being a perfectionist, Hitchcock would draw every single scene on his storyboard before shooting a film. This was one of his styles for which Hitchcock became famous. He was very dedicated to his art from the start of his career. Some techniques Hitchcock used were with the camera. The camera would capture shots that were made to build suspense so the audience can see something that the actors themselves don t see. An example of this technique being used was in The Birds. Melanie Daniels, the protagonist of the film, was sitting in front of a jungle gym smoking a cigarette. Black birds, which had attacked Melanie viciously earlier in the film, started gathering behind her, but she did not know, the viewers knew. This technique agitates the audience because something frightful can happen and we can do nothing to warn her. Knowing something that something bad can happen to an innocent makes the audience worried mixed with fear. Another technique he used was the subjective shot where th e camera was placed in the human eye perspective. The camera would stray around the setting or place mischievously looking for something unusual in a room, as if it is a detective itself. This allows the viewers to feel like they are involved in revealing the problem. Before sound films came out, the directors of films had to find a way to communicate to the audience what is the plot of the story, and Hitchcock used this technique even after sound films came out because it was so successful. He used this technique in The Birds. Perhaps the most suspenseful part of the movie was when Melanie was walking slowly up the stairs in the dark with a flashlight in her hand. The camera was put at Melanie s perspective, and we can see how frightening it can be to be in that position when we know that if she goes to the room on top of the stairs, the malicious birds will be there, waiting. The camera would start with a close-up of the actor, and then cut to the shot what they are seeing, and th en back to the actor to see his reaction. The sound of her footsteps was quiet, her breathing shallow, almost no sound was being heard. Finally, when she opened the door, she was attacked brutally. Suspense building was a major technique Hitchcock was famous for using. What we as humans find most horrendous is to know that nature can turn on us and that no place is safe. The Birds had several scenes where this technique was used, one of which was at a children s birthday party. The evil black birds came swooping down and started attacking the children, pecking until their flesh was open and bleeding. This behavior by the birds was unexplained; there was no answer as to why the birds were like this, which caused insecurity to the actors which is framed closely to show the emotion, therefore causing the audience to feel insecure also. The house was attacked during a night, windows were broken, doors were being pecked open, and the roof was being destroyed. At this point in the movie, the actors show deep concern about their safety and that their fear doesn t stop from the horror from coming, and the fear the viewers gain is exactly what Hitchcock was going for. Hitchcock s movies were planned to perfection. His ideas were sketched for every scene and chose his actors carefully that would break the clich or stereotype of people. He was well aware of what the audience was about to go through when they are watching the film, and this is what makes a great film director. Hitchcock wrote, produced, and directed films up until 1979. Despite his fondness for murder, chaos and shock, Alfred Hitchcock led a quiet life with his wife and daughter. In the last year of his life, Hitchcock was honored with the American Film Institutes lifetime achievement award. The master of suspense died in 1980 in Los Angeles, but his techniques are still alive today.

The Elevator Response to Lit

Response to Literature: â€Å"The Elevator† Par ·a ·noi ·a- noun. A mental disorder characterized by systematized delusions and the projection of personal conflicts. In the short story â€Å"The Elevator,† William Sleator uses fear and paranoia to drive his main character to a compelling resolution. The main character’s (Martin’s) fear of elevators created an imaginary obese monstrous woman who intimidates him every time he rides the tiny exhausted elevator. In the beginning of â€Å"The Elevator,† the setting is set up at a decrepit building with eighteen floors.The elevator is the root of fear for the weak, thin Martin. Sleator implies this by writing, â€Å"Of course he always felt uncomfortable in elevators, afraid that they would fall, but this one was especially unpleasant. † By stating this, it proves that Martin already had a mild phobia of elevators and the fact of this matter is that this particular elevator appeared to be ver y worn out and only big enough to hold 2 people. When he first encounters a gargantuan woman on the elevator, at first he is disturbed and then mentally disturbed for the rest of the day until he encounters her again after school ends.After every confrontation, Martin’s anxiety grows. In the rising action of this horror story, immediately after Martin spots the plump lady already on the elevator again, he bolts down the stairs. In the process, he snaps his leg while sealing his unfortunate fate. Sleator expressed, â€Å"Martin had broken his leg and needed to walk on crutches. He could not use the stairs now. Was that why the fat lady had smiled? Did she know what would happen? † He broke his leg, which means that he is obligated to use the elevator.Now he will have more confrontations with his worst nightmare. His fear of this woman is what caused him to run away from her in the elevator and break his leg. Finally, in the climax, Martin is abandoned by his father and left alone in the elevator. Before long, the whale-like woman gets on the elevator and corners Martin. The end is sealed with, â€Å"The door closed and the elevator began to move. ‘Hello, Martin,’ she said, and laughed, and pushed the Stop button. † This quote was important because this is the first time we see the fat lady speak and actually do something.Her increased actions have instilled an overbearing fear within Martin and have now made him insane. Have you ever had a bad experience with an elevator? Well, in this case, Martin has and his broken leg proves it. His fear evolved every time he rode the elevator. Martin’s fear was shaped into a living nightmare because his phobia was so immense. It drove him to the point of insanity and that is why the story ends at a cliffhanger. If William Sleator didn’t use fear as the focal point, then story wouldn’t be interesting as a horror-based narrative should be.

Compare and Contrast Ww1 & Ww2 Essay

The World Wars were in some ways similar but also, different. The World Wars had similarities in the way the wars were caused, how the wars ended, in regards to who lost, and propaganda. The casualties, the cost, and the military tactics however, were some of their differences. World War I was caused by the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria in June 1914. However, World War II was caused by the political and economic instability in Germany, along with the bad conditions of the Treaty of Versailles . When the treaty of Versailles was put into affect, Germany acknowledged responsibility for the war, which also meant agreeing to pay enormous amounts of money for war reparations and losing land/territory to those who won the war . However, Germany agreed to this with a lot of bitterness. During World War II, Germany, as a nation, grew to really dislike the Treaty of Versailles because they thought it was unfair and that they were unable to pay the reparations due to the time period, the Great Depression. In addition, Hitler’s Rise to Power and his alliances in opposition to the Soviet Union. World War I was based on imperialism while World War II was a result of a clash of ideologies . WWI fought mainly to try and acquire territory. A s for WWII, it was a battle between Fascism and Communism . Even though there were some different causes to the wars, a similar cause would be the fact that the two wars were caused by a country or more than one country would want more power. During World War I, Germany was trying to get a hold of more power than it already had . The idea of having Germany gain more power alarmed many of the other countries, specifically France, England, and Russia, and forced them to go to war with Germany to be able to keep the balance of power within the nations. By World War II, Germany and Japan both believed that they did not have the amount of power they actually deserved . Germany wanted to regain the power it lost after World War I. As for Japan, it wanted to have a larger empire and to be taken in as a major power. Of course, the Allies were against this because they were fond with how everything was balanced at this time period. In the end, Germany would be the country that suffers and is defeated in both World War I and World War II. The difference in the defeat was that during WWI, the defeat was acknowledged, while in WWII, Hitler chose to fight until the final ending, which ultimately led to mass destruction . The outcome of World War I was that German, Russia, Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires were militarily and politically defeated. The Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires ceased to exist and the League of Nations emerged. The League of Nations was created in the hope of preventing another conflict . However, it failed due to the emergence of World War II. World War II ended with the Allied powers rising with victory, specifically giving USA and the Soviet Union the reputation of being the two most powerful nations, while Germany and Japan lost . After the League of Nations failed, the United Nations was established so that future conflicts could be handled by â€Å"international cooperation† and by preventing conflicts that could lead up to war . World War II had, by far, the most amount of deaths ever before. World War I had an estimated amount of 10 million dead, 21 million wounded, and 7.7 million missing or imprisoned, while World War II had more than 55 million civilian and military deaths . WWII was fought at a much greater scale and there were 7 times more casualties than in WWI. Also, World War I was located mostly in Europe, while World War II had included nearly the entire world. In addition to the casualties, the costs of the wars were outstanding. It is estimated that the cost of World War I cost about 380 billion dollars, while World War II cost about 42,000 billion dollars . Just the cost alone shows the great difference between World War I and World War II. Warfare methods had been the altered in regards of weaponry. During World War I, soldiers would fight from trenches and would use artillery, machine guns, early airplanes, and poisonous gas . There was little mobility during that time period. On the contrary, World War II fought using nuclear power and missiles . During this time period, many special operations were put into affect. An example of a special operation would be Operation Foxley, where the British military planned to assassinate Adolf Hitler (which was not really put into affect). In addition, submarines and tanks were also more heavily used and secret communication, or â€Å"code,† became more difficult to figure out, which benefitted them so that others would not understand their plan of attack, their location, etc. Radios were invented which were heavily used during WWII, while there were only landline phones in WWI . Something similar between World War I and World War II would be the propaganda that would be used to each countries benefit. During World War I and World War II, propaganda was something that both wars relied heavily upon. The propaganda was so heavily relied on due to the use of creating nationalism and supporting the war efforts on both sides and wars . An example would be how, even though the United States were reluctant in entering the war, when it finally joined, propaganda showed men fighting for their country and having to persuade other men to enlist. In addition, there would be that same type of propaganda for World War II. The propaganda helped to have the nation pull together as a whole and to, more importantly, support the war . Even though WWI and WWII seem close, they have had some major differences between them. In regards to political purposes, they were different. Economically, they were outstandingly different. Militarily, they had some similarities but some differences as well. Germany was a big factor that was important in both World War I and World War II. Overall, there were some similar qualities between both wars. In addition, there were some differences that can be seen between Worlds War II and I.

The Effects Of Violence On The Media - 1782 Words

Megan Haley-Rowjohn U61976910 Introduction It has been said that violence in the real world becomes â€Å"much more acceptable after you ve seen infinitely greater violence on the screen (Maslin 1982). Seeking to test that hypothesis, researchers have sought to find how long it takes for individuals to become desensitized to violence in television. As intimate partner violence accounts for 15% of all crime, researchers have sought to understand the causes behind the violence. Linz, Donnerstein, and Penrod operationalized violent television exposure by using five slasher films that were found to directly contain violence against women. The men in the study were tested before and after each film on their perceptions and reactions to the on-screen violence. It was found that desensitization increased as exposure to the films increased. After the film viewing, the participants were asked to watch a criminal trial where the victim was a domestic violence women. After hearing the case, the men who had watched the slasher films did not express as much sympathy towards the victim as the men who had not seen the film. Other researchers, such as Bomomi, have claimed that exposure to not only violent films, but violent fiction can reduce sensitivity to violence against women. Bonomi furthered her claim by asserting that not only does a desensitization in men occur, but that there is also a shift in the risky behaviors of women when they are exposed to violence against women in â€Å"romanceShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Media Violence In The Media1212 Words   |  5 Pages Introduction With the recent increase in media presence throughout the world, there has also been an increase in violence portrayed through the media. Media violence is believed to be causing aggression in today’s youth and society. 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